Test Bank For Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team 5th Edition by Chris H. Miller

A.

in the absence of nutrients.

B.

only when they are inside of living cells.

C.

when they are outside of living cells.

D.

only when the temperature is below 7° C.

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A

Nothing can grow in the absence of nutrients.

B

Rickettsia and Chlamydia are the only bacteria that can grow inside living cells.

C

Regular bacteria do not need to be inside living cells to grow. They can obtain their nutrients from the environment.

D

Only the special bacteria called psychrophiles can grow at these low temperatures.

A.

in the absence of nutrients.

B.

only when they are inside of living cells.

C.

when they are outside of living cells.

D.

only when the temperature is below 7° C.

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A

Nothing can grow in the absence of nutrients.

B

Viruses need the nutrients and metabolic machinery of living cells to multiply.

C

Viruses cannot obtain their nutrients from the environment.

D

Only the special bacteria called psychrophiles can grow at these low temperatures.

A.

Streptococcus mutans

B.

Trichomonas vaginalis

C.

Candida albicans

D.

Staphylococcus aureus

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A

This is a bacterium.

B

This is a protozoan.

C

Candida albicans can exist as a yeast, which is a special fungus.

D

This is a bacterium.

A.

Influenzae

B.

Candida albicans

C.

Trichomonas vaginalis

D.

Streptococcus mutans

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A

This is a virus.

B

Candida albicans can exist as a yeast or filamentous fungus.

C

This is a protozoan.

D

This is a bacterium.

A.

Bacterium

B.

Fungus

C.

Virus

D.

Protozoan

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A

Bacteria cannot form yeast.

B

A yeast is a special type of fungus.

C

A virus cannot form yeasts.

D

Protozoa cannot form yeasts.

A.

Candida albicans.

B.

Streptococcus mutans.

C.

Staphylococcus aureus.

D.

human herpesvirus 1.

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A

Oral candidiasis (e.g., thrush or denture stomatitis) is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which may exist as a yeast cell or as a filamentous fungus (mold).

B

Oral candidiasis (e.g., thrush or denture stomatitis) is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which may exist as a yeast cell or as a filamentous fungus (mold).

C

Oral candidiasis (e.g., thrush or denture stomatitis) is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which may exist as a yeast cell or as a filamentous fungus (mold).

D

Oral candidiasis (e.g., thrush or denture stomatitis) is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which may exist as a yeast cell or as a filamentous fungus (mold).

A.

spheres.

B.

cylinders or rods.

C.

curved or spiral forms.

D.

flat disks.

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A

Spheres are not bacilli.

B

Bacilli are bacterial cells shaped like rods or cylinders.

C

Spirilla are curved or spiral forms.

D

There are no microbes shaped like a flat disk.

A.

spheres.

B.

cylinders or rods.

C.

curved or spiral forms.

D.

flat disks.

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A

Spherical cells are called cocci.

B

Rod-shaped cells are called bacilli.

C

Curved or spiral cells are called spirilla.

D

This is not a shape associated with bacteria.

A.

Cell wall

B.

Flagellum

C.

Cytoplasmic membrane

D.

Capsule

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A

The cell wall protects the cell from being crushed.

B

The flagellum provides locomotion.

C

One of the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane is to regulate the entrance and exit of nutrient materials and waste products.

D

The capsule keeps the cell from drying out and is antiphagocytic.

A.

Cell wall

B.

Flagellum

C.

Cytoplasmic membrane

D.

Capsule

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A

The cell wall protects the cell from being crushed.

B

The flagellum provides locomotion.

C

One of the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane is to regulate the entrance and exit of nutrient materials and waste products.

D

The capsule’s “slimy” nature interferes with phagocytosis.

A.

Cell wall

B.

Capsule

C.

Cytoplasmic membrane

D.

Fimbriae

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A

The cell wall protects cell from being crushed.

B

The capsule keeps the cell from drying out and is antiphagocytic.

C

One of the functions of the cytoplasmic membrane is to regulate the entrance and exit of nutrient materials and waste products.

D

Fimbriae serve as a mechanism by which cells can attach to other cells or other environmental surfaces.

A.

protect against drying.

B.

protect against crushing.

C.

to control the exit of wastes from the cell.

D.

provide the cell with locomotion.

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A

This is a function of the capsule.

B

The basic components of the cell wall (peptidoglycan) protect the cell from being crushed.

C

This is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane.

D

This is a function of the flagellum.

A.

control the exit of wastes from the cell.

B.

protect against crushing.

C.

allow the cell to attach to surfaces.

D.

protect against drying.

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A

This is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane.

B

This is a function of the cell wall.

C

Fimbriae serve as a mechanism by which cells can attach to other cells or other environmental surfaces.

D

This is a function of the capsule.

A.

In the human body

B.

In hot water heaters

C.

Anywhere the temperature is 37° C

D.

In the refrigerator

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A

The human body is too warm for the growth of psychrophiles.

B

Hot water is too warm for the growth of psychrophiles.

C

This temperature is too warm for the growth of psychrophiles.

D

The optimal temperature for psychrophiles to grow is 7° C, typical refrigerator temperature.

A.

Psychrophiles

B.

Thermophiles

C.

Mesophiles

D.

Acidophils

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A

Psychrophiles are “cold-loving” and optimal growth is refrigerator temperature.

B

Thermophiles love high temperatures.

C

Mesophiles love medium (e.g., body) temperatures.

D

Acidophils produce acids and are unrelated to temperature.

A.

presence of large amounts

B.

presence of medium amounts

C.

presence of small amounts

D.

absence 

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A

Any amount of oxygen can limit the growth of anaerobes.

B

Any amount of oxygen can limit the growth of anaerobes.

C

Any amount of oxygen can limit the growth of anaerobes.

D

Anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen and only grow in its absence.

A.

aerobes.

B.

mesophiles.

C.

acidogens.

D.

anaerobes.

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A

Aerobes need oxygen for growth.

B

Mesophiles grow at medium temperatures and most are aerobes.

C

Acidogens produce acids during growth and some are aerobes and some anaerobes.

D

Anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen.

A.

acids.

B.

vitamins.

C.

proteins.

D.

carbohydrates.

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A

Acidogenic bacteria produce large amounts of acid.

B

Vitamins may also be produced but do not relate to being acidogenic.

C

Proteins are also produced but do not relate to being acidogenic.

D

Carbohydrates are also produced but do not relate to being acidogenic.

A.

sterilizing 

B.

freezing 

C.

fluctuating 

D.

refrigerator 

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A

Probably the surest way to kill bacteria (or any other type of microorganisms) in the shortest amount of time is to expose them to high temperatures, such as those achieved in a steam, dry heat, or unsaturated chemical vapor sterilizer.

B

 Freezing will not kill all microbes.

C

Fluctuating temperatures cannot be relied upon to kill all microbes.

D

Refrigeration will not kill all microbes.

A.

require oxygen for growth.

B.

grow only in the absence of oxygen.

C.

can multiply in the presence or absence of oxygen.

D.

are killed in the presence or absence of oxygen.

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A

Aerobes require oxygen for growth.

B

Anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen and only grow in its absence.

C

Facultative anaerobes grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

D

Anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen but grow in its absence.

A.

kill bacteria.

B.

grow viruses.

C.

kill viruses.

D.

culture bacteria.

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A

Agar is not lethal to bacteria.

B

Viruses require living cells to grow.

C

Agar will not kill viruses.

D

Agar can provide a semisolid surface on which bacteria can grow if adequate nutrients are available.

A.

acidic.

B.

anaerobic.

C.

aciduric.

D.

acidogenic.

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A

Acidic is property of an acid.

B

Anaerobic refers to bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen.

C

Aciduric bacteria can survive in an acidic environment (usually below pH 5.5).

D

Acidogenic refers to bacteria that produce acids.

A.

Endospores

B.

Vegetative bacteria

C.

Viruses

D.

Chlamydiae

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A

An endospore is one of the most resistant forms of life against heat, drying, and chemicals due to its thickened cell wall, dense cytoplasm, and dormant state.

B

Vegetative bacteria can be killed by exposing it to high heat or chemicals.

C

Viruses can be killed when outside the body by exposure to high heat or chemicals.

D

Chlamydiae are a type of bacterium that can be killed by exposure to high heat or chemicals.

A.

Aerobes

B.

Endospores

C.

Viruses

D.

Psychrophiles

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A

Aerobes are not formed during adverse conditions.

B

An endospore is one of the most resistant forms of life against heat, drying, and chemicals due to its thickened cell wall, dense cytoplasm, and dormant state.

C

Viruses are not cells and are not resistant to heat.

D

Psychrophiles are resistant to cold, not heat.

A.

Rickettsia

B.

Endospores

C.

Mold

D.

Vegetative cells

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A

Rickettsia are not resistant to heat.

B

An endospore is one of the most resistant forms of life against heat, drying, and chemicals due to its thickened cell wall, dense cytoplasm, and dormant state.

C

Molds are not bacteria; they are fungi.

D

Vegetative cells are bacteria that can grow (multiply) and are not dormant.

A.

viruses.

B.

fungi.

C.

bacteria.

D.

protozoa.

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A

Viruses are not bacteria.

B

Fungi are not bacteria.

C

Chlamydia and Rickettsia are special bacteria called obligate intracellular parasites, which multiply only inside living cells.

D

Protozoa are not bacteria.

A.

Streptococcus mutans

B.

Staphylococcus aureus

C.

Human herpes virus type 1

D.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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A

Streptococcus mutans can be killed with certain antibiotics.

B

Staphylococcus aureus can be killed with certain antibiotics.

C

Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, such as human herpes virus type 1.

D

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be killed with certain antibiotics.

A.

Uncoat (shed its capsid).

B.

Assemble the capsid and nucleic acid to make a whole virus.

C.

Adsorb (attach) to the host cell.

D.

Kill the host cell.

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A

Uncoating is the third step in the virus life cycle.

B

Assembling is the fifth step in the virus life cycle.

C

The first step in the virus life cycle is to adsorb (attach) to the host cell.

D

Host cell death happens at the end of the virus life cycle.

A.

Influenza

B.

Hepatitis B

C.

Mumps

D.

Dental caries

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A

Influenza is a viral disease.

B

Hepatitis B is a viral disease.

C

Mumps is a viral disease.

D

Dental caries are caused by bacteria.

A.

There is no effect on the cell.

B.

The virus always dies.

C.

The host cell always dies.

D.

The host cell may die or be damaged.

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A

If a virus invades a cell, there is always some effect.

B

The virus may survive and kill or damage the cell.

C

Sometimes the host cell survives with minor damage or permanent changes.

D

Depending upon the virus, the cell may be killed or it may survive with minor damage.

A.

produce exotoxins.

B.

produce endotoxins.

C.

invade and kill or damage cells in our body.

D.

“swim” away from phagocytes using their flagella.

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A

Exotoxins are involved in some bacterial or fungal diseases.

B

Endotoxins are involved in some bacterial diseases.

C

Viruses cause disease by entering and multiplying in our body cells and killing or changing them.

D

Viruses do not have flagella.

A.

Uncoating

B.

Release

C.

Replication

D.

Enters the cell

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A

Uncoating is the third step in the life cycle of a virus.

B

Release is the sixth and final step in the life cycle of a virus.

C

Replication is the fourth step in the life cycle of a virus.

D

In the second step of the life cycle of a virus (penetration), the virus enters the host cell.

A.

capsid.

B.

nucleic acid core.

C.

envelope.

D.

capsid and envelope.

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A

The capsid is the protein coating of virus that protects the nucleic acid core and determines the shape of the virus.

B

The DNA or RNA genes of a virus are contained in the nucleic acid core.

C

The envelope is the outer lipid-rich layer found in some viruses that is derived from the host cell membrane on release of the virus from the host cell.

D

The capsid and envelope refer to the outer protein coating (capsid) and the outer lipid-rich layer found in some viruses (envelope).

A.

Nucleic 

B.

Lactic 

C.

Hydrochloric 

D.

Pyruvic acid

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A

Nucleic acid is DNA or RNA, neither of which are direct products of fermentation.

B

Lactic acid is the final product.

C

Hydrochloric acid is stomach acid.

D

Pyruvic acid is the second to the last fermentation product.

A.

Lysozyme

B.

Mesosome

C.

Capsid

D.

Endotoxin

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A

Lysozyme is an enzyme in saliva produced by the human body.

B

Mesosomes are part of the bacterial structure but are not directly involved in periodontal diseases.

C

The capsid is the protein coat of viruses.

D

The action of endotoxin is thought to play a role in many infectious diseases, including periodontal diseases.

A.

bacteriostatic 

B.

sterilant 

C.

disinfectant 

D.

nucleic acid 

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A

These agents prevent or slow down bacterial growth, which resumes when, and if, the agents are removed or degraded.

B

These kill bacteria.

C

These kill bacteria.

D

These do not directly affect the growth of bacteria.

A.

measurements of the diameter of colonies that develop on an agar medium.

B.

individual bacterial cells or a small group of cells, each of which can form a colony on agar media.

C.

units used to estimate the distance a bacterial cell can move away from its colony on agar media.

D.

highly resistant forms of certain bacteria.

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A

Colony diameter is measured in millimeters.

B

One or a small number of bacterial cells deposited on an appropriate agar medium will develop into a single colony (clone) of cells, referred to as a colony-forming unit.

C

This distance is seldom measured but is expressed in millimeters.

D

Highly resistant forms of bacteria are referred to as endospores.

A.

They cause periodontal disease.

B.

They are used to monitor surface disinfection.

C.

They are used to test the functioning and use of sterilizers.

D.

They cause thrush.

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A

Periodontal diseases are caused by non–spore-forming bacteria.

B

There is not an easy test for surface disinfection.

C

Because bacterial spores are highly resistant to heat, they are used to monitor heat sterilization in steam, dry heat, and other sterilizers.

D

Thrush is caused by a yeast.

A.

Geobacillus stearothermophilus

B.

Bacillus atrophaeus

C.

Clostridium sporogenes

D.

Streptococcus mutans

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A

This bacterium is a spore-former used to monitor steam sterilizers.

B

This bacterium is a spore-former used to monitor dry heat sterilizers.

C

This bacterium is a spore-former that is used to test the effectiveness of liquid sterilants.

D

This bacterium forms plaque and metabolizes dietary sugar to acids causing demineralization of tooth enamel.

A.

0 to 7

B.

7 to 14

C.

8 to 10

D.

10 to 12

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A

Acids have a pH from 0 to 7.

B

These values are alkaline.

C

These values are alkaline.

D

These values are alkaline.